System X has three kinds of binary files. There are object files having .o extension, library or archive files having .a extension and executable files having no extension. All these files share a common overall structure having a header and at most four sections: CODE section contains the machine code, DATA section contains assembled data, SYMB section contains the symbol table and LINK section contains commands for the linker. To be defined is a DBUG section for providing information to a source-level debugger.
An object file has all these four sections, a library file contains object files that each in turn contains these sections, and an executable file contains CODE, DATA, and SYMB sections.
The object file header consists of the string "CMSXOBJ" and a one character version number having currently value '1'. Then comes the number of sections represented as an big-endian encoded octabyte, and then the sections themselves.
The CODE scection consists of a four-character header 'CODE' followed by a big-endian encoded octabyte representing the length of the data and a big-endian encoded octabyte representing the base address. In the object file this base address is always 0, but in the final executable the base address is a running offset from the start of the executable.
Let's take a look at the format of the CODE section of the assembled object code of echo.o as printed by the cmsxdump program:
1 C:/cmajor/projects/cmsx/test/assembly/echo.o:
2 CODE section
3 base address: #0000000000000000
4 length: #0000000000000074
5 #0000000000000000 AD F9 FA 00 main STOI fp,sp,0
6 #0000000000000004 C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
7 #0000000000000008 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
8 #000000000000000C C1 00 FF 00 ORI $0,ax,0
9 #0000000000000010 C1 01 FE 00 ORI $1,bx,0
10 #0000000000000014 F0 00 00 0F JMP @1
11 #0000000000000018 4C 00 00 11 @0 BNP $0,@2
12 #000000000000001C 8F FF 01 00 LDOUI ax,$1,0
13 #0000000000000020 E0 02 FF FF SETH $2,#FFFF
14 #0000000000000024 E9 02 FF FF ORMH $2,#FFFF
15 #0000000000000028 EA 02 FF FF ORML $2,#FFFF
16 #000000000000002C EB 02 FF FF ORL $2,#FFFF
17 #0000000000000030 BF 02 02 00 CALLI $2,$2,0
18 #0000000000000034 40 FF 00 0C BN ax,@3
19 #0000000000000038 E0 02 FF FF SETH $2,#FFFF
20 #000000000000003C E9 02 FF FF ORMH $2,#FFFF
21 #0000000000000040 EA 02 FF FF ORML $2,#FFFF
22 #0000000000000044 EB 02 FF FF ORL $2,#FFFF
23 #0000000000000048 BF 02 02 00 CALLI $2,$2,0
24 #000000000000004C 40 FF 00 06 BN ax,@3
25 #0000000000000050 23 01 01 08 @1 ADDUI $1,$1,8
26 #0000000000000054 25 00 00 01 SUBI $0,$0,1
27 #0000000000000058 F1 00 00 10 JMPB @0
28 #000000000000005C E3 FF 00 00 @2 SETL ax,#0000
29 #0000000000000060 F0 00 00 02 JMP @4
30 #0000000000000064 E3 FF 00 01 @3 SETL ax,#0001
31 #0000000000000068 C1 FA F9 00 @4 ORI sp,fp,0
32 #000000000000006C 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
33 #0000000000000070 F8 00 00 00 RET
The first field shows the address of each instruction, then comes four bytes that represent the machine code of the assembled instruction, then comes possible label of the instruction and then the instruction and its operands in symbolic form. The absolute addresses for the CALL and GO instructions and loads and stores from and to the data segment are still unresolved. The assembler prefixes these instructions by assembling a four-instruction sequence, SETH $X,#FFFF, ORMH $X,#FFFF, ORML $X,#FFFF and ORL $X,#FFFF that will eventually contain the absolute address put to the register $X. It is resolved by the linker. For example, see lines 13 and 19.
The data section consists of a four-character header 'DATA" followed by a big-endian encoded octabyte that represents the length of the data and a big-endian encoded octabyte that represents the base address. In the object file this base address has always the value #2000000000000000, but in the final executable the base address is a running offset from the data of the executable.
The data section of the echo.o is empty:
35 DATA section
36 base address: #2000000000000000
37 length: #0000000000000000
The symbol section consists of a four-character header 'SYMB' followed by a big-endian encoded octabyte that represents the length of the data and a dummy octabyte. Then comes a big-endian encoded octabyte that is the number of the symbols.
The symbol section of the echo.o:
39 SYMB section
40 length: #00000000000006A8
41 0 ax - internal R #00000000000000FF $255
42 1 bx - internal R #00000000000000FE $254
43 2 cx - internal R #00000000000000FD $253
44 3 dx - internal R #00000000000000FC $252
45 4 ex - internal R #00000000000000FB $251
46 5 sp - internal R #00000000000000FA $250
47 6 fp - internal R #00000000000000F9 $249
48 #0000000000000000 7 rA - internal P #0000000000000000 0
49 #0000000000000000 8 rB - internal P #0000000000000001 1
50 #0000000000000000 9 rC - internal P #0000000000000002 2
51 #0000000000000000 10 rD - internal P #0000000000000003 3
52 #0000000000000000 11 rE - internal P #0000000000000004 4
53 #0000000000000000 12 rF - internal P #0000000000000005 5
54 #0000000000000000 13 rG - internal P #0000000000000006 6
55 #0000000000000000 14 rH - internal P #0000000000000007 7
56 #0000000000000000 15 rI - internal P #0000000000000008 8
57 #0000000000000000 16 rJ - internal P #0000000000000009 9
58 #0000000000000000 17 rK - internal P #000000000000000A 10
59 #0000000000000000 18 rL - internal P #000000000000000B 11
60 #0000000000000000 19 rM - internal P #000000000000000C 12
61 #0000000000000000 20 rN - internal P #000000000000000D 13
62 #0000000000000000 21 rO - internal P #000000000000000E 14
63 #0000000000000000 22 rP - internal P #000000000000000F 15
64 #0000000000000000 23 rQ - internal P #0000000000000010 16
65 #0000000000000000 24 rR - internal P #0000000000000011 17
66 #0000000000000000 25 rS - internal P #0000000000000012 18
67 #0000000000000000 26 rT - internal P #0000000000000013 19
68 #0000000000000000 27 rU - internal P #0000000000000014 20
69 #0000000000000000 28 rV - internal P #0000000000000015 21
70 #0000000000000000 29 rW - internal P #0000000000000016 22
71 #0000000000000000 30 rX - internal P #0000000000000017 23
72 #0000000000000000 31 rY - internal P #0000000000000018 24
73 #0000000000000000 32 rZ - internal P #0000000000000019 25
74 #0000000000000000 33 rBB - internal P #000000000000001A 26
75 #0000000000000000 34 rTT - internal P #000000000000001B 27
76 #0000000000000000 35 rWW - internal P #000000000000001C 28
77 #0000000000000000 36 rXX - internal P #000000000000001D 29
78 #0000000000000000 37 rYY - internal P #000000000000001E 30
79 #0000000000000000 38 rZZ - internal P #000000000000001F 31
80 #0000000000000000 39 main text external PAF #0000000000000000 0 #0000000000000000 #0000000000000074
81 #0000000000000018 40 main@0 text internal PA #0000000000000018 24
82 #0000000000000050 41 main@1 text internal PA #0000000000000050 80
83 #000000000000005C 42 main@2 text internal PA #000000000000005C 92
84 #0000000000000064 43 main@3 text internal PA #0000000000000064 100
85 #0000000000000068 44 main@4 text internal PA #0000000000000068 104
86 45 puts - undefined U #FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 18446744073709551615
87 46 putnl - undefined U #FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 18446744073709551615
The data for each symbol consists of a big-endian encoded four-byte index followed by the UTF-8 encoded null-terminated string that is the name of the symbol, and a similarly encoded local name of the symbol. Then comes the one-byte segment of the symbol that can be 0: text, 1: data, 2: pool, 3: stack, 255: unknown.
After that comes the one-byte linkage of the symbol. It can have the following values: 0: internal, 1: external, 2: once, 3: remove, and 4: undefined. The values are meaningful to the linker. If the symbol has an internal linkage, there can be many symbols with the same local name in the final executable. If the symbol has an external linkage, its name must be unique among all object files and libraries linked to the final executable. If the symbol has once linkage, the linker will treat the first occurrence of such a symbol as an external symbol, and throw the rest of the symbols with the same name (and linkage) away. This can be used to implement COMDATs. The remove linkage is used internally by the linker to remove functions and structures from the final executable. If the symbol has undefined linkage it is undefined in the current object file, and must be resolved by the linker to a symbol that has an external linkage. For example, the main symbol at line 80 has an external linkage, but the local labels @1, @2, @3, and @4 at lines 81-85, have an internal linkage. The puts and putnl symbols at lines 86 and 87 have undefined linkage.
After that comes the value of the symbol that consists of a one-byte flags field and an octabyte pure value. If the flags field is 0: 'U': the value of the symbol is still undefined. Otherwise the following flags can be combined: 1: 'R': the value of the symbol represents a register number 0-255; 2: 'P': the value of the symbol has pure octabyte value; 4: 'A': the value of the symbol represents an address; 8: 'F': the value of the symbol represents the start of a function; 16: 'S': the value of the symbol represents the start of a structure. Finally comes the start address of the symbol and the length of the symbol, both defined if the symbol has flag 8: 'F' or 16: 'S', that is: the symbol represents a function or a structure. For example, symbols ax, bx, etc. at lines 41, 42, etc. represent Register numbers with values $255, $254, etc. The special register number symbols rA, rB, etc. at lines 48, 49, etc. represent Pure values. The main symbol at line 80 represents a Pure, Address, Function symbol that starts at offset #0 and whose length is #74 bytes. Finally the value of the puts and putnl symbols at lines 86 and 87 are Undefined.
The link section consists of a four-character header 'LINK' followed by a big-endian encoded octabyte that represents the length of the data and a dummy octabyte.
88
89 LINK section
90 length: #000000000000001A
91 LINKABSOLUTEADDR 45 #0000000000000020
92 LINKABSOLUTEADDR 46 #0000000000000038
The linker commands consist of one-byte link command code, that can be 0: LINKFWDLONGJUMP, 1: LINKFWDSHORTJMP, 2: LINKABSOLUTEADDR, 3: LINKFAROCTA and 4: LINKONCE, followed by a big-endian encoded four-byte symbol index followed possibly by a big-endian encoded offset octabyte.
If the link code is LINKFWDLONGJUMP, it represents link command for a JMP instruction. It is followed by a symbol index followed by an offset from the start of the CODE section. The assembler has already processed this link command after it assembles a symbolic file, so that it does not exist in the object, library or executable file.
If the link code is LINKFWDSHORTJMP, it represents link command for a branching instruction BZ, BNZ, etc. It is followed by a symbol index followed by an offset from the start of the CODE section. The assembler has already processed this link command after it assembles a symbolic file, so that it does not exist in the object, library or executable file.
If the link code is LINKABSOLUTEADDR, it represents link command for a CALL, GO, load or store instruction. It is followed by a symbol index followed by an offset from the start of the CODE section. The linker processes this command by calculating the absolute address of the target symbol of the CALL, GO, load or store instruction and emitting it to the locations indicated by the offset.
If the link code is LINKFAROCTA, it represents an undefined data symbol defined using the OCTA instruction. It is followed by a symbol index followed by an offset from the start of the DATA section. The linker processes this command by calculating the absolute address of the target symbol of the OCTA instruction and emitting it to the location indicated by the offset.
If the link code is LINKONCE, it represents a FUNC symbol or a STRUCT symbol. It is followed by a symbol index. The linker processes this command by treating the first occurrence of it for a given symbol as an external symbol, and removing other occurrences of given functions or structures from the final executable.
For example, the LINK section of the echo.o object file contains LINKABSOLUTEADDR commands for symbols 45 and 46 (puts and putnl) for CODE section offsets #20 and #38.
The library file header consists of the string "CMSXLIB" and a one character version number having currently value '1'. Then comes the number of contained object files represented as an big-endian encoded octabyte, and then the object files themselves.
The executable file header consists of the string "CMSXEXE" and a one character version number having currently value '1'. Then comes the number of sections the size of the stack segment followed by the size of the pool segment all represended as big-endian encoded octabytes.
C:/cmajor/projects/cmsx/test/assembly/echo:
HEADER section
stack size: #0000000000010000
pool size: #0000000000010000
CODE section
base address: #0000000000001000
length: #00000000000001E4
#0000000000001000 E0 00 00 00 Main SETH $0,#0000
#0000000000001004 E9 00 00 00 ORMH $0,#0000
#0000000000001008 EA 00 00 00 ORML $0,#0000
#000000000000100C EB 00 11 70 ORL $0,#1170
#0000000000001010 BF 00 00 00 CALLI $0,$0,0:main
#0000000000001014 E0 00 00 00 SETH $0,#0000
#0000000000001018 E9 00 00 00 ORMH $0,#0000
#000000000000101C EA 00 00 00 ORML $0,#0000
#0000000000001020 EB 00 11 54 ORL $0,#1154
#0000000000001024 BF 00 00 00 CALLI $0,$0,0:exit
#0000000000001028 AD F9 FA 00 strlen STOI fp,sp,0
#000000000000102C C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001030 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
#0000000000001034 C1 00 FF 00 ORI $0,ax,0
#0000000000001038 E3 FF 00 00 SETL ax,#0000
#000000000000103C 81 01 00 00 strlen@1 LDBI $1,$0,0
#0000000000001040 42 01 00 04 BZ $1,strlen@2
#0000000000001044 21 FF FF 01 ADDI ax,ax,1
#0000000000001048 21 00 00 01 ADDI $0,$0,1
#000000000000104C F1 00 00 04 JMPB strlen@1
#0000000000001050 C1 FA F9 00 strlen@2 ORI sp,fp,0
#0000000000001054 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001058 F8 00 00 00 RET
#000000000000105C AD F9 FA 00 puts STOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001060 C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001064 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
#0000000000001068 E3 FE 00 01 SETL bx,#0001
#000000000000106C E0 00 00 00 SETH $0,#0000
#0000000000001070 E9 00 00 00 ORMH $0,#0000
#0000000000001074 EA 00 00 00 ORML $0,#0000
#0000000000001078 EB 00 10 8C ORL $0,#108C
#000000000000107C BF 00 00 00 CALLI $0,$0,0:putsf
#0000000000001080 C1 FA F9 00 ORI sp,fp,0
#0000000000001084 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001088 F8 00 00 00 RET
#000000000000108C AD F9 FA 00 putsf STOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001090 C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001094 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
#0000000000001098 C1 01 FE 00 ORI $1,bx,0
#000000000000109C C1 00 FF 00 ORI $0,ax,0
#00000000000010A0 E0 02 00 00 SETH $2,#0000
#00000000000010A4 E9 02 00 00 ORMH $2,#0000
#00000000000010A8 EA 02 00 00 ORML $2,#0000
#00000000000010AC EB 02 10 28 ORL $2,#1028
#00000000000010B0 BF 02 02 00 CALLI $2,$2,0:strlen
#00000000000010B4 C1 FD FF 00 ORI cx,ax,0
#00000000000010B8 C1 FE 00 00 ORI bx,$0,0
#00000000000010BC C1 FF 01 00 ORI ax,$1,0
#00000000000010C0 E0 02 00 00 SETH $2,#0000
#00000000000010C4 E9 02 00 00 ORMH $2,#0000
#00000000000010C8 EA 02 00 00 ORML $2,#0000
#00000000000010CC EB 02 11 68 ORL $2,#1168
#00000000000010D0 BF 02 02 00 CALLI $2,$2,0:write
#00000000000010D4 C1 FA F9 00 ORI sp,fp,0
#00000000000010D8 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
#00000000000010DC F8 00 00 00 RET
#00000000000010E0 AD F9 FA 00 putnl STOI fp,sp,0
#00000000000010E4 C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
#00000000000010E8 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
#00000000000010EC E3 FF 00 01 SETL ax,#0001
#00000000000010F0 E0 00 00 00 SETH $0,#0000
#00000000000010F4 E9 00 00 00 ORMH $0,#0000
#00000000000010F8 EA 00 00 00 ORML $0,#0000
#00000000000010FC EB 00 11 10 ORL $0,#1110
#0000000000001100 BF 00 00 00 CALLI $0,$0,0:putnlf
#0000000000001104 C1 FA F9 00 ORI sp,fp,0
#0000000000001108 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
#000000000000110C F8 00 00 00 RET
#0000000000001110 AD F9 FA 00 putnlf STOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001114 C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001118 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
#000000000000111C C1 FE FF 00 ORI bx,ax,0
#0000000000001120 E0 FF 20 00 SETH ax,#2000
#0000000000001124 E9 FF 00 00 ORMH ax,#0000
#0000000000001128 EA FF 00 00 ORML ax,#0000
#000000000000112C EB FF 00 00 ORL ax,#0000
#0000000000001130 8F FF FF 00 LDOUI ax,ax,0:newline
#0000000000001134 E0 00 00 00 SETH $0,#0000
#0000000000001138 E9 00 00 00 ORMH $0,#0000
#000000000000113C EA 00 00 00 ORML $0,#0000
#0000000000001140 EB 00 10 8C ORL $0,#108C
#0000000000001144 BF 00 00 00 CALLI $0,$0,0:putsf
#0000000000001148 C1 FA F9 00 ORI sp,fp,0
#000000000000114C 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001150 F8 00 00 00 RET
#0000000000001154 00 00 00 00 exit TRAP 0,0,0
#0000000000001158 00 00 01 00 wait TRAP 0,1,0
#000000000000115C F8 00 00 00 RET
#0000000000001160 00 00 02 00 fork TRAP 0,2,0
#0000000000001164 F8 00 00 00 RET
#0000000000001168 00 00 03 00 write TRAP 0,3,0
#000000000000116C F8 00 00 00 RET
#0000000000001170 AD F9 FA 00 main STOI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001174 C1 F9 FA 00 ORI fp,sp,0
#0000000000001178 E7 FA 00 08 INCL sp,#0008
#000000000000117C C1 00 FF 00 ORI $0,ax,0
#0000000000001180 C1 01 FE 00 ORI $1,bx,0
#0000000000001184 F0 00 00 0F JMP main@1
#0000000000001188 4C 00 00 11 main@0 BNP $0,main@2
#000000000000118C 8F FF 01 00 LDOUI ax,$1,0
#0000000000001190 E0 02 00 00 SETH $2,#0000
#0000000000001194 E9 02 00 00 ORMH $2,#0000
#0000000000001198 EA 02 00 00 ORML $2,#0000
#000000000000119C EB 02 10 5C ORL $2,#105C
#00000000000011A0 BF 02 02 00 CALLI $2,$2,0:puts
#00000000000011A4 40 FF 00 0C BN ax,main@3
#00000000000011A8 E0 02 00 00 SETH $2,#0000
#00000000000011AC E9 02 00 00 ORMH $2,#0000
#00000000000011B0 EA 02 00 00 ORML $2,#0000
#00000000000011B4 EB 02 10 E0 ORL $2,#10E0
#00000000000011B8 BF 02 02 00 CALLI $2,$2,0:putnl
#00000000000011BC 40 FF 00 06 BN ax,main@3
#00000000000011C0 23 01 01 08 main@1 ADDUI $1,$1,8
#00000000000011C4 25 00 00 01 SUBI $0,$0,1
#00000000000011C8 F1 00 00 10 JMPB main@0
#00000000000011CC E3 FF 00 00 main@2 SETL ax,#0000
#00000000000011D0 F0 00 00 02 JMP main@4
#00000000000011D4 E3 FF 00 01 main@3 SETL ax,#0001
#00000000000011D8 C1 FA F9 00 main@4 ORI sp,fp,0
#00000000000011DC 8D F9 FA 00 LDOI fp,sp,0
#00000000000011E0 F8 00 00 00 RET
DATA section
base address: #2000000000000000
length: #0000000000000010
#2000000000000000 newline 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 08 .......
#2000000000000008 nl 0A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ........
SYMB section
length: #0000000000000869
0 ax - internal R #00000000000000FF $255
1 bx - internal R #00000000000000FE $254
2 cx - internal R #00000000000000FD $253
3 dx - internal R #00000000000000FC $252
4 ex - internal R #00000000000000FB $251
5 sp - internal R #00000000000000FA $250
6 fp - internal R #00000000000000F9 $249
#0000000000000000 7 rA - internal P #0000000000000000 0
#0000000000000000 8 rB - internal P #0000000000000001 1
#0000000000000000 9 rC - internal P #0000000000000002 2
#0000000000000000 10 rD - internal P #0000000000000003 3
#0000000000000000 11 rE - internal P #0000000000000004 4
#0000000000000000 12 rF - internal P #0000000000000005 5
#0000000000000000 13 rG - internal P #0000000000000006 6
#0000000000000000 14 rH - internal P #0000000000000007 7
#0000000000000000 15 rI - internal P #0000000000000008 8
#0000000000000000 16 rJ - internal P #0000000000000009 9
#0000000000000000 17 rK - internal P #000000000000000A 10
#0000000000000000 18 rL - internal P #000000000000000B 11
#0000000000000000 19 rM - internal P #000000000000000C 12
#0000000000000000 20 rN - internal P #000000000000000D 13
#0000000000000000 21 rO - internal P #000000000000000E 14
#0000000000000000 22 rP - internal P #000000000000000F 15
#0000000000000000 23 rQ - internal P #0000000000000010 16
#0000000000000000 24 rR - internal P #0000000000000011 17
#0000000000000000 25 rS - internal P #0000000000000012 18
#0000000000000000 26 rT - internal P #0000000000000013 19
#0000000000000000 27 rU - internal P #0000000000000014 20
#0000000000000000 28 rV - internal P #0000000000000015 21
#0000000000000000 29 rW - internal P #0000000000000016 22
#0000000000000000 30 rX - internal P #0000000000000017 23
#0000000000000000 31 rY - internal P #0000000000000018 24
#0000000000000000 32 rZ - internal P #0000000000000019 25
#0000000000000000 33 rBB - internal P #000000000000001A 26
#0000000000000000 34 rTT - internal P #000000000000001B 27
#0000000000000000 35 rWW - internal P #000000000000001C 28
#0000000000000000 36 rXX - internal P #000000000000001D 29
#0000000000000000 37 rYY - internal P #000000000000001E 30
#0000000000000000 38 rZZ - internal P #000000000000001F 31
#0000000000001000 39 Main text external PAF #0000000000000000 0 #0000000000001000 #0000000000000028
#0000000000001028 40 strlen text external PAF #0000000000000028 40 #0000000000001028 #0000000000000034
#000000000000105C 41 puts text external PAF #000000000000005C 92 #000000000000105C #0000000000000030
#000000000000108C 42 putsf text external PAF #000000000000008C 140 #000000000000108C #0000000000000054
#00000000000010E0 43 putnl text external PAF #00000000000000E0 224 #00000000000010E0 #0000000000000030
#0000000000001110 44 putnlf text external PAF #0000000000000110 272 #0000000000001110 #0000000000000044
#2000000000000000 45 newline data external PA #0000000000000000 0
#0000000000001154 46 exit text external PAF #0000000000000154 340 #0000000000001154 #0000000000000004
#0000000000001158 47 wait text external PAF #0000000000000158 344 #0000000000001158 #0000000000000008
#0000000000001160 48 fork text external PAF #0000000000000160 352 #0000000000001160 #0000000000000008
#0000000000001168 49 write text external PAF #0000000000000168 360 #0000000000001168 #0000000000000008
#0000000000001170 50 main text external PAF #0000000000000170 368 #0000000000001170 #0000000000000074
#000000000000103C 0 strlen@1 text internal PA #0000000000000014 20
#0000000000001050 1 strlen@2 text internal PA #0000000000000028 40
#2000000000000008 2 nl data internal PA #0000000000000008 8
#0000000000001188 3 main@0 text internal PA #0000000000000018 24
#00000000000011C0 4 main@1 text internal PA #0000000000000050 80
#00000000000011CC 5 main@2 text internal PA #000000000000005C 92
#00000000000011D4 6 main@3 text internal PA #0000000000000064 100
#00000000000011D8 7 main@4 text internal PA #0000000000000068 104
The CODE section of the final executable starts from the virtual address #1000 (at 4K bytes). The linker has processed symbols and resolved their absolute addresses.
To view the contents of a cmsx object file, library file or executable file, enter command
cmsxdump filename